The vertebrate immune system has evolved innate immune defense pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs within bacterial DNA. Cellular activation by CpG motifs occurs via the Toll signal pathway. The Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9, CD289) appears to be a major component of the CpG-DNA receptor, acting by direct binding to CpG- DNA, which triggers the induction of cell signaling pathways including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NFkB, leading to stimulation of various cells of the immune system. The human TLR9 is expressed in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). Mice also express TLR9 in the myeloid compartment. Optimal sequences for activating TLR9 vary among species. Synthetic ODN contain CpG-DNA motifs mimicking the immunostimulatory effects of bacterial DNA and can, therefore, be used as immunoprotective agents, vaccine adjuvants and anti-allergic agents. CpG ODN also affects immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Different classes of CpG ODN are characterized each with distinct effects on the immune response: CpG-A ('D'-type), CpG-B ('K'-type), and CpG-C.||Source:|This non-CpG is a 20-mer ODN has the following sequence: 5'-gcttgatgactcagccggaa-3'. It does not show any biological activity in various experimental systems tested and is able to compete with CpG ODN in in vitro stimulation experiments. Regular letters represent phosphorothioate linkage.||Applications: |Suitable for use as control and as inhibitor in biological assays in vitro for both human and murine cells. Other applications not tested.||Recommended Dilutions:|In vitro Stimulation: 0.05-3uM|Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.||Storage and Stability:|Lyophilized powder may be stored at -20°C. Stable for 12 months at -20°C. Reconstitute with dH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

USbio全称United States Biological，位于麻省斯万普斯科特(Swampscott, MA)。全美**的抗原抗体和生化试剂供应商，目前向全球六十余个国家的科研工作者提供约50,000种抗体、抗原和生化试剂，以质量**闻名。主要产品种类包括：抗体、生化试剂、基因克隆相关产品、培养基、生长因子等细胞因子、分子生物学试剂。美国US Biological公司是生物化学和生物学试剂的专业生产商，产品服务于免疫学，分子生物学，分子遗传学，体外诊断，组织培养等科研领域。产品精确度高，质量稳定，产品数量巨大，提供70,000多种抗体、抗原和生化试剂等。